Biographies of the Officers on the Sea Horse

The Dead Officers

Major Charles Douglas was the senior officer on board. He was born circa 1787, the son of Captain William Douglas of the 11th Regiment of Foot, and Harriot, daughter of Edward Nicholson of Primrose Grange, County Sligo.^[1] William is also mentioned as being a captain in the 103d regiment of Foot. It is likely that he transferred from one regiment to the other, as was common practice at the time. Charles’s parents were married in Saint Ann’s Parish in Dublin on 21 June 1781.^[2] He was the grandson of Charles Douglas of Holmhall, Dumfriesshire. It was noted in McGregor’s work that Douglas was related to the Fortesque family of Summerville in Tramore. The relationship stems from his maternal aunt, Mary Fortesque nee Nicholson, who married Thomas Fortesque of Dromiskin, County Louth. However, these Fortesques do not appear to be immediately related to the Summerville linage. Douglas was promoted to lieutenant on 6 September 1805 and to the rank of captain on 19 May 1808. He served in the Peninsular from December 1813 to April 1814 and was present at the Battle of Bayonne. On 20 April 1815, he was promoted to Major, a rank he held at Waterloo.^[3]

Captain James McGregor was born in Ardersier, Inverness on the 11 July 1791.^[4] The memorial in Tramore records him to be two years younger than he was. His parents were James McGregor, an officer stationed at Fort George and Elizabeth Grant. James Snr acted as the assistant to the governor of the fort, Lieut. Col Stuart, when Thomas Addis Emmet and 18 other leading United Irishmen were interned there in 1799. James was the younger brother of Colonel George McGregor of the first battalion and Thomas Howard McGregor, also an officer in the regiment who was killed in a duel in Calcutta in 1810. James was promoted to lieutenant on 3 June 1808. He served in the Peninsular from September 1808 to January 1809 and September 1812 to April 1814. He was present at the actions of Corunna, Cadiz, Vittoria, Nivelle, Nive and Bayonne.  Lieutenant McGregor was severely wounded at Vittoria on 21 June 1813. He was promoted to captain on 25 September 1813.^[5]

           

Lieutenant Abraham Dent was the son of Thomas Dent, a brandy merchant from Kirkby Steven and Ann Rudd, a local apothecary’s daughter.^[6] He was baptised on 5 September 1790. He held the rank of Lieutenant in the Cumberland Militia, when he was commissioned as an ensign in the 59th Foot on 17 March 1808. He was severely wounded at the Battle of Corunna on 16 January 1809. He was later promoted to lieutenant on 4 June 1809. He then held the office of adjutant of the regiment from 15 June 1815. He served in the Peninsular from September 1808 to January 1809 and September 1812 to April 1814. He was the town adjutant at Cadiz from January to April 1813 and was present at Nivelle where he was the Secretary to Major General Cooke from May 1813 to April 1814. He was also present at the battles of Corunna, Cadiz and Waterloo.^[7]       

       

Lieutenant Robert Scott was probably born c1793 in Scottsboro, County Fermanagh. He was commissioned into the 59th as an ensign on 9 September 1813 and promoted to lieutenant on 20 April 1815. He served in the Peninsular from March to April 1814 and was present at Bayonne. He was also at Waterloo.^[8] His brother, Ensign John Scott of the 11th Foot was killed in action at Salamanca on 22 July 1812.^[9]

      

Lieutenant William Veale was born c 1795, said to be the son of a master ship builder from Portsmouth.^[10] He was commissioned as an ensign by purchase on 20 February 1812 and promoted to lieutenant on 23 September 1813. He served in the Peninsular from September 1812 to April 1814. He was present at Cadiz, Vittoria, Nive and Bayonne. He also received the Waterloo medal.^[11]

       

Lieutenant James Geddes was born in June 1798. He was the youngest son of John Geddes of Panmure House and Margaret, the daughter of David Duncan, a customs officer in Glasgow. His father was employed in the Adjutant General's Department of the Military Office in Edinburgh. James was commissioned as an ensign, vice Dixon on 5 May 1814.^[12] Later in the same year he became a lieutenant by purchase, when Lieutenant Fane was promoted, commission dated September 8 1814.'^[13] James wrote to his brother, Captain John Geddes of the 27th Regiment on 11 June 1815 from Deal Barracks:

My Dear John,

I am again disappointed, the draft left this, morning, only 2 officers went, & every man that was fit for service was sent. Should I be destined to remain at the Depot until the next draft goes, I must remain some months, as it will be a long time before they can collect a sufficient number of men to send out. I wish you would write me & mention which is the most likely way for me to manage to go out to the Battalion, but if I cannot manage to go out soon, I should like to get leave of absence for some time, as it is almost double the expense living at the Depot that when the battalion was here. I mentioned to you in a former letter the reason why I wished to leave the Depot, which I wished would not go further than yourself.

I had a letter from Sandy yesterday, from Brussels, he was very comfortable. He was obliged to draw on Mr. McKay in London for some money to purchase a horse, as he can get no pay yet, he mentions that horses are very dear & advises if I should go out to take one with me; I hope my Mother is now well, & that you are better, & will be able to go to Caithness, should you go remember me to Miss Innes, my love to my Mother, Father, Adam & David.

I am, Dear John, Yours affectionately James Geddes.[14]

Lieutenant William Gillespie transferred from the half pay of the 86th Foot, to be a lieutenant, vice Steward, who exchanged on 15th June 1815. He was not on the Waterloo Medal Roll.^[15] He probably served in India with his previous regiment. His father was Captain Gillespie, a ship owner, his sister was a Mrs Prout born March 29 1788 and married 1810.^[16]

Ensign Andrew Clarke Ross was born c1797 and commissioned as an ensign on 23 September 1813 at the age of about sixteen. He served in the peninsular from March to April 1814 and was present at Bayonne. He was also at Waterloo.^[17]

Ensign Rowley or Rowland F. Hill was born c 1797 and was commissioned as an ensign on 25 May 1814. He served at Waterloo.^[18]  He was thought to be the son of the Gentleman of that name, then resident in Waterford City.

William Baird was born c 1778, appointed Quarter-Master of the regiment on 31 May 1810. He served in the Peninsular from September 1812 to April 1814 and was present at Cadiz, Vittoria, San Sebastian and Bayonne. He also served in the Waterloo campaign.^[19]

Surgeon James Hagan was born c1786.  He was appointed as assistant Surgeon of the 59th Foot on 26 November 1807. He then served as surgeon in the 53d Foot from 9 September 1813 until he was appointed surgeon back in the 59th Foot on 25 November 1813. He served in the Peninsular from September 1808 to January 1809 and September 1812 to April 1814. He was present at Corunna, Cadiz, Vittoria, San Sebastian, Nivelle, Nive and Bayonne.  He was also present at Waterloo.^[20] ‘The fate of Surgeon Hagan is particularly interesting. He was chief support of a widowed mother, two sisters and two brothers. To them his warmest affections were devoted, and the greatest part of his pay was extended for their happiness.’^[21] Ann and Hannah Hagan, his sisters were both granted the annual amount of £20 from His Majesty’s Royal Bounty on 31 January 1816, ‘they been in very great distress’.^[22]

Peter K. Lambe, Hagan’s aide, was born c1790. He worked as a hospital mate before being appointed Assistant-Surgeon of the 59th on 8 February 1810.^[23]

The Four Surviving Officers

The four officers of the 59th who were saved from the Sea Horse were listed as Lieutenant Cowper, Lieutenant Hartford, Lieutenant MacPherson, and Ensign Seward. On hearing of the shipwreck, an unnamed officer of the battalion that was on leave in Kilkenny shared his thoughts in a local newspaper:

     We have had some conversion with a gallant officer of the Corps, who happily preceded the regiment, on leave of absence, and his affliction is extreme. The officers saved and lost, with the exception of a young gentleman who had recently joined the corps, were all his intimate friends. Some of them in India and Europe, had shared with him numerous dangers, and were his constant companions during many arduous campaigns. Of all of them he speaks with an ardency of affection, and which is as highly honourable to those who have survived, as to the memory of those who have perished, as to himself.^[24]

        

Of the four surviving Officers, all much bruised and ill, Lieutenant Cowper was the most severely injured. John was the son of William Cowper of Carleton, Carlisle, Cumberland and Ann Purdon. He was baptised in Saint Cuthbert’s on 21 March 1789.^[25] He was serving as a lieutenant in the Royal Cumberland Regiment of Militia when he was commissioned into the 59th Foot as an Ensign on 28 April, 1808 and was promoted to Lieutenant on 7 June 1809. He was severely wounded at the Battle of Corunna on 16 January, 1809 under the command of Sir John Moore, and suffered a long and painful confinement in consequence.^[26] However, he recovered and served in Captain Fuller’s company at Waterloo. Following the shipwreck, he lay extremely ill in Tramore for a number of days, until he was strong enough to write to his brother William in Durham, informing him of the details of the shipwreck:

                                                                                                   Waterford, 6th February, 1816.

        I hasten to tell you that I am now recovered from the effects of our late dreadful misfortune, and I cannot help again returning thanks to God for my preservation and recovery. To sit down to give you a particular account of the wreck, would be too dreadful for your perusal; I will therefore only give you some of the particulars. After sailing from Ramsgate, where we embarked, the weather favoured us until we came within a few miles of Cork, and we were congratulating each other on the pleasant and short voyage we were going to have; but about three in the afternoon of the 29th of Jan. a tremendous gale of wind, with the heaviest sea almost ever seen, came on, followed by a very dark night. We were in consequence not enabled to make Cork, and endeavoured to get to Waterford, but in vain.

          We continued in a dreadful state all night, during which we carried away our top-masts, and many of the sails. In the morning, we were driven into the bay of Tramore, and about 11 o’clock, we were obliged to weigh anchor. The sea was rolling higher than mountains, and the wind continued very strong; the vessel dragged her anchor, and we soon got upon the rocks; here all hopes of safety were at an end. Thousands of people were on the shore, without being able to render us any assistance. Such a scene was, perhaps never before witnessed; husbands embracing wives, and wives their children, yet all were calm and resigned to their fate. In about half an hour after the vessel struck, she entirely went to pieces. The sea that dashed over her at different times washed away dozens at once, never more to be seen! How I escaped, God only knows! I remained with the wreck to the very last moment, and when the vessel entirely separated. I got upon a spar, from which I was soon afterwards washed.-

          I then managed to get another alongside a brother officer; from this I was again washed, and went two or three times to the bottom, and when I rose, I came in contact with a mast to which I clung, but soon after lost my senses. I have since learned that I was taken out of the sea by a Mr Hunt, between three and four o’clock, and was then conveyed to a small cottage, where I was restored to life by great care-

        It was about ten before I regained my recollection. The place where the vessel went to pieces was about three quarters of a mile from the shore, and the tide was going out at the time; so you may guess what an escape I have had, and more so, when you know that I cannot swim. All was providence. And I hope I shall ever be grateful to the All-powerful Being who could alone save us. Out of 10 officers, 334 soldiers, 33 women, and 34 children, only 4 officers and 21 men are saved. I have written more than I thought my feelings would have allowed me; but I know it will make you happy. You need not now be uneasy about me; the people here are as kind to me as you could be- I want for nothing. That fine fellow, Serjeant Mullender, with his wife and children are all lost! I am now the senior officer surviving.[27]

The letter was published in a English local newspaper, which continued, ‘He was dreadfully cut and bruised in the shipwreck, and though his letter stated his recovery, he was still suffering under the effects of this latter misfortune’. The following day, Cowper again put pen to paper and fulfilled his promise to Geddes, his fellow officer, that he would contact his family and friends. Waterford, 7th February 1816 Dear Sir,                I am scarcely able to hold my pen, but I cannot longer delay a promise I made to the late Mr Geddes, whilst we were hanging together in the most perilous situation by the same rope; it was a mutual promise that the survivor should communicate with the other's friends - he was not able to tell me more than the Adjutant General's Office, Edinburgh. I am therefore ignorant into whose hands this may fall, but I beg they will make it known to the friends of Mr Geddes. I understand he informed his friends of our Embarkation at Ramsgate on board the Seahorse for Ireland.            Our voyage was very favourable until we came within a few miles of Cork when a violent gale came on, we were not able to make the harbour but were obliged to keep to sea all night in the most dreadful weather; in the morning we were near a lee shore & about eleven o'clock were drove into the Bay of Tramore from whence we were never destined to return. The sea running so dreadfully & the wind so high that it was a vain effort to anchor, when we did it, she dragged & about twelve o'clock got aground; the scene then became truly distressing; men, women & children embracing & taking their leave. Oh God! it was horrible to think of it: in half an hour she entirely went to pieces, & melancholy to relate, out of 334 Men, 33 Women, 34 Children and 16 Officers, only 4 Officers & 23 Men were saved, & their escape was most miraculous as the place where the vessel went to pieces was full a mile from the shore, & the sea going out: God only knows how I escaped. I clung to the wreck to the last; Mr Geddes & I were for a long time hanging by the same rope, but he was washed from me by one of the tremendous waves, & I believe never heard of. Poor Fellow, he is regretted by all who knew him. He met his fate with the greatest resignation & composure which showed he possessed a pure mind. Should you be a connexion of his, I trust I shall be excused with you for the manner in which this letter is written as I have been confined with bruises & fever ever since the melancholy accident, & am still scarcely able to sit up. His body has not yet been washed ashore, but if it should, every attention & respect shall be paid to it - not an article of the Baggage has been saved. I shall be happy to pay every attention to any communications of his friends, & believe me to be Yours Truly,       J Cowper Lt 59th Regt. P.S. I have heard this moment that Mr Geddes's Body has come on shore. I shall take care that every attention is paid to his remains. J.C.[28]          Cowper was promoted to captain, by purchase on 10 May 1820. He fell dead suddenly of apoplexy on 2 November 1835 on parade at Gibraltar while giving the word of command. In his will dated 1 March he left everything to his mother and siblings.[29] His brother Jeremiah was a captain in the Royal Irish Regiment. I, Captain John Cowper, 59th Regt do hereby bequeath all my landed property, houses and mattels together with my real and personal property of whatsoever description at the time of my decease to Mr Benjamin Scott out of Carlisle, Captain Jeremiah Cowper, 18th Royal Irish Regt and William Hodgson Esq of Carlisle and Houghton House and to their heirs and assigns for care intrust for the following purposes.  all rents and interests arising from the property at Carleton in the parish of Cuthbert’s and for a mortgage of £300 on my brothers property the pastures to be paid to my mother Ann Cowper during her life the interest and income to be paid her quarterly or half yearly or half yearly as the tenants in trust may see best. on the decease of my mother the yearly income of the above named property to be equally divided and paid yearly amongst my brothers and sisters  William Jeremiah and Joseph Margaret and Mary and in the case of any of them dying without gain, their portion to revert to and equally divided as above amongst the remainder the share of income to bestowed to the lawful heirs of court of the above named brothers and sisters the house and garden at Carleton to be given to my mother during her life and at her decease if my brother Jeremiah wishes to live there I bequeath it to him rights during his life to build and alter as he thinks proper with also the power to bequeath a life privilege to his children forever or to any of the above named he may think proper to bequeath it to and I hereby appoint Capt. J C to be sole assignee during his life. Gibraltar 1st March 1835- John Cowper He is buried in Sandpit Military Cemetery, Gibraltar. His Majesty’s 59th Regiment, stationed at Gibraltar, caused a marble monument to be erected to the memory of Captain John Cowper formally of Carleton, Cumberland, in the garrison burying-ground at Gibraltar, with the following inscription engraved thereupon:-‘To the memory of Captain John Cowper, of the 59th Regiment, who departed this life 2d November 1835, aged 46 years, deeply lamented by all his brother officers, who have erected this tablet, as a tribute of respect for his character as an officer.’[30] John’s mother died a little over a year later, ‘at St. Cuthbert's church, since our last, Mrs Ann Cowper, of Carleton, died aged 81 years.’[31] Henry Hartford was born c 1792, the eldest son of William Hartford, a merchant and Anne Wilkinson of Grange, County Kilkenny. His grandfather, Bibby Hartford was Major of Kilkenny in 1782. His father also served as major of Kilkenny in 1819. The family lived in Kilkenny since the late 1600’s and possibly came over to Ireland during the Cromwellian period. Henry was commissioned into the 59th Foot as an ensign on 19 July 1810 and was promoted to lieutenant on 12 March 1812. He was severely wounded at the siege of San Sebastian on 31st August 1813, and later served in Captain Crawford’s company at Waterloo.[32] The following letter dated 30th January, was addressed by Hartford, to his father.[33] I lose not a moment, though hardly able to write, to acquaint you of our dreadful ship wreck in this bay, yesterday at 2 o’clock. Thanks to the almighty for my miraculous escape! My Dear Father,                          I lose not a moment though hardly able to write, to acquaint you of our dreadful shipwreck in this bay yesterday, two o'clock.  Thanks to the Almighty for my miraculous escape!  I feel too much at present to attempt giving you a description of so dreadful an occurrence. I can only tell you that out of 304 men in the regiment, 34 women, 33 children, 16 Officers and about 20 sailors, only 4 Officers, 25 rank and file and 2 sailors have escaped perishing. Never since I was born I never witnessed such a sight, the screams and prayers of all - the sea beating and washing over the ship, every moment sweeping off numbers at a time! Picture to yourself our situation - the beach crowded with people who could render us no assistance, no boat could live in such a sea or put out, on account of the surf. God only knows how I was saved.         I stuck to the wreck till she went to pieces and then took hold of a plank which was washed from me three or four times; but I by Providential direction got hold of others. All I recollect was being completely exhausted and from the cold not able to hold the plank any longer. I was then washed on shore and taken up apparently dead. I do not know how I recovered, but when I did I found myself before a large fire which for a long time I fancied was the ship on fire. Every article of our baggage is lost. I am at this moment wearing borrowed clothes. The greater part of the baggage was washed on shore but all plundered last night by the inhabitants; the boxes and chests that were not opened were broken open by the country people about here. I am told that it would take upwards of a thousand men to keep the baggage from being plundered. I have not at this moment more than a few pounds, and I will therefore have to draw upon the agents for some money. I was obliged to get some from them when I was in England and buy some clothes. I had three dozen of new shirts, that I bought at Deal and got a good bargain of, and intended to bring with me to India, also some new Regimentals and boots. I am told Government will allow money for the loss of our baggage, if so I can keep some of that, for the purpose I got it from you for. I understand they will allow us for what we value our loss at.          Tell my mother, Annie and Beck, I had some presents of silk shawls and handkerchiefs I brought from France, all of which are lost. I will feel much obliged to my mother, if she send me a few shirts and a few pairs of stockings, as I have this moment nothing in the world, but the battered clothes I came on shore with. I am afraid this will not leave Waterford till tomorrow as no post leaves this today. If my mother can send the things to me I will receive them at Waterford where we intend going this evening or tomorrow. She can send them as a parcel direct to the coach office, as we must stop at Waterford for some days to get some clothes, and shirts and stockings are not things to be bought in a hurry.         My shins and thighs are black and blue with striking against the wreck, and my hands and one of my legs cut with some of the nails. I feel this moment very stiff in the limbs and tho before a large fire, perishing with the cold. I tope tomorrow to be much stouter, left me have a line from you, I don't know where I will put up, but you direct me at the Post Office. I conclude this letter by again returning thanks to the great God for my providential escape, and I shall ever feel grateful for his goodness. Never could there be such a terrible sight. To this moment I fancy I see the horrid countenances of the unfortunate sufferers on the wreck. I know my dear father, how happy my dear family will feel at my escape.  Remember me to all I remain, dear father. Your ever dutiful son, Henry Hartford. There is this moment a brig in distress in the same place we were wrecked in. The sea is washing over her decks: everyone says she will be lost: my God, what misfortunes there are in this world.[34]    Hartford transferred to the 1st Battalion after the shipwreck and the disbandment of the 2nd Battalion. Henry fought in the India campaign and was present at the siege of Bhurtpore. He was promoted to captain on 4 August 1830 and retired shortly afterwards. Following his retirement, he married his cousin, Charlotte, the daughter of Henry Hartford of Tenny Park, County Kilkenny and Merion Avenue, Dublin in Booterstown, County Dublin in 1832. They resided in Smithstown, County Kilkenny, where they had two children, a daughter, Sarah, baptised on 29 July 1833 and a son, Henry Wellington baptised on 19 September, 1834. Henry’s younger brother, Rev William Hartford preformed both services.[35] Their wedded life was cut short as he died in Clonmel on the 4 February 1839.[36] He was not listed on the Army of India medal roll as it was not compiled until after his death. Alexander MacPherson was born c1793 and had the command of a company of the Aberdeen Militia before been commissioned into the 59th Foot as an Ensign on 24 August 1808, and was promoted to Lieutenant on 21 December 1809. He served with No. 6 Company at Waterloo where the 59th formed part of Colville’s reserve division.[37] Macpherson became ill whilst on detachment in the Isle of France on 11 May 1819. In a cruel twist of fate, he died at sea, on board the General Hewitt on the Madras Roads in April 1819. His will was dated 7 March 1820: On board the General Hewitt, Madras Roads 26th January 1819. My dear Eneas, as I do not find my health improving you will have the goodness to in the event of my dying see that my baggage is sent to my sister Isabella. There is a bill on London in my writing desk £40 and 40 Spanish dollars which I leave to my sister Jane. I am paid up to the 24th Dec 1818 which the certificates in my writing desk will testify. Out of this money you will be pleased to pay Grant watchmaker 57 Fleet St London the sum of nine pounds and nine shillings for a watch I had from him. I trust Government will be liberal enough to continue my pension to my sister as it is evident my illness is by the wound I received in the chest at the battle of Vittoria I have heard of my poor brother David’s death since my arrival here which has which has caused many server pangs of sorrow. Poor fellow may the Almighty God have mercy on his soul. I shall perhaps add more. Yours ever, Alexander MacPherson. [38] William Seward was born in Chase Side, Enfield Middlesex. His father was Joseph Seward. William bought a commission into the 31st Foot on 24th February 1814. William transferred from the half pay of the 31st Foot to be an ensign of the 59th dated 25 May 1815.[39] He was not on the Waterloo Roll. On 9 October 1817, William Seward transferred from half pay of the 59th to be an ensign in the 9th in exchange with another officer.[40] He made a will in Winchester, dated January 29 1819, that was proved on 7 July 1823.He died in 1823: William Seward Ensign in his majesty’s ninth Regiment of foot and of the parish of Enfield in the county of Middlesex give and bequeath all property of whatever kind and description that may be possessed of at time of my decease to my father Joseph Seward Esquire of Enfield in the county of Middlesex but in the event of my father’s decease desire that all property whatever kind and description may revert to my mother and after her death that it may be equally divided between my sister Mrs Martha Field and my two brothers Lieutenant Charles Seward on the half pay of his majesty’s 69th Regt and Harry Seward of Enfield Middlesex. I owe and further leave the sum of fifty pounds to Mr Thomas Prescott of Great Prescott Street. I nominate my father, Joseph Esquire and my brother Charles Seward to be my executors to this my last will and testament. William Seward Esq, 9th Regiment.[41]

[1] William is also mentioned as been a captain in the 103d regiment of Foot. He is one and the same man. His marriage records him as a captain in the 103d, whereas the marriages of both his daughters and the death of his son, state that he was a captain of the 11th Foot. 

[2] St. Anne’s Church of Ireland, Dublin Parish register, accessed online at irishgenealogy.ie.

[3] Lionel Challis, Peninsula Roll Call, accessed online at http://www.napoleon-series.org/.

[4] Scotland, Births and Baptisms, accessed online at familysearch.org.

[5] Lionel Challis, Peninsula Roll Call, accessed online at http://www.napoleon-series.org/.

[6]T S Willan, An eighteenth Century Shopkeeper: Abraham Dent of Kirkby Steven, Manchester 1970, Page 134.

[7] Lionel Challis, Peninsula Roll Call, accessed online at http://www.napoleon-series.org/.

[8] Lionel Challis, Peninsula Roll Call, accessed online at http://www.napoleon-series.org/.

[9] Bath weekly Chronicle and Herald, 22 August 1942.

[10] David Ingham, Sudden Death, Sudden Glory-The 59th Regiment 1793-1830, Oldham 1996, page 108.

[11] Lionel Challis, Peninsula Roll Call, accessed online at http://www.napoleon-series.org/.

[12] The London Gazette, 10 May 1814.

[13] The London Gazette, 17 September 1814. 

[14]The Geddes Family, http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/genealogy/geddes/index.htm.

[15] The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany, Volume 3, Page 84. 

[16] John S Amery & J G Commin, Devon & Cornwall Notes & Queries, Volume 12, Devon 1923, page 138. 

[17] Lionel Challis, Peninsula Roll Call, accessed online at http://www.napoleon-series.org/.

[18] Lionel Challis, Peninsula Roll Call, accessed online at http://www.napoleon-series.org/.

[19] Lionel Challis, Peninsula Roll Call, accessed online at http://www.napoleon-series.org/.

[20] Lionel Challis, Peninsula Roll Call, accessed online at http://www.napoleon-series.org/.

[21] Ramsey’s Waterford Chronicle, 1 February 1816

[22] Journals of the House of Commons, Volume 73 Appendix 2, list of persons receiving Allowances, as of His Majesty’s Royal Bounty, 7C, Page 475.

[23] London Gazette, 6 February 1810.

[24] The Moderator, 3 February 1816.

[25] Cumberland Parish Registers, accessed online at familysearch.org.

[26] Lionel Challis, Peninsula Roll Call, accessed online at http://www.napoleon-series.org/.

[27] Durham County Advertiser, 2 March 1816.

[28] The Geddes Family,  http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/genealogy/geddes/index.htm.

[29] Will of John Cowper, The National Archives, Prob 11/1856/108f.

[30] Lancaster Gazette, 19 March 1836.

[31] Carlisle Journal, 8 April 1837. 

[32] Lionel Challis, Peninsula Roll Call, accessed online at http://www.napoleon-series.org/.

[33] The Moderator, 3 February 1816, National Library of Ireland Newspaper Collection.

[34] The Moderator, 3 February 1816, National Library of Ireland Newspaper Collection.

[35] Castlecomer Baptismal Register, Representative Church Body Library, Dublin.

[36] Freeman’s Journal, 11 February 1839.

[37] Lionel Challis, Peninsula Roll Call, accessed online at http://www.napoleon-series.org/.

[38] Will of Alexander MacPherson, The National Archives, Prob 11/1627/56.

[39] London Gazette, 3 June 1815.

[40] London Gazette, 25 October 1817.

[41] Will of William Seward, The National Archives, PROB 11/1668/170.